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The networking of computers is nearly as old as computing itself. It’s Its roots can be traced back as far as 1961 when the idea of ARPANET was proposed by Leonard Kleinrock. Since that time there have been a series of gradual improvements to the ideas and technologies.

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• 1965 when the term packet was used to describe data been being sent between computers on a network

• 1969 the Internet was officially born

• 1973 Ethernet is developed

• 1974 first Routers are used. However, these Routers are not considered to be true IP Routers

• 1976 development of the first IP Router

• 1978 the invention of the TCP/IP protocol

• 1983 implementation of the first DNS

• 1988 details of the first firewall are published

• 1990 the first network switch is developed and introduced

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The length of the address is 32-bits for IPv4, giving us an available 2³² IP addresses. Or 128-bits for IPv6 giving us an available 2¹²⁸ IP addresses.

MAC Address (Media Access Control) - Physical Address

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The length of the MAC address is : 12-nibbles == 6 bytes == 48 bits 

Port

A Port is a logical construct that is mapped onto a physical construct (the physical IO connection port on the Ethernet card). It allows for traffic to be routed from the physical card to applications running on the node. A node can have multiple applications running on it all competing for data coming in through the single physical IO connection. The operating system routes data from the physical IO port to a destination application. Only one application can own (bind to) a port, but an application may own (bind to) many ports.

Port numbers are divided into three groups